I should be receiving my light air genoa in a couple of weeks and need sheets. Related Surface Area Calculator | Volume Calculator. Sailing With Sam It really depends on the loads. Making the Compelling Business Case: Decision-Making ... Storm jib 78.8 knots The wind speeds at which the load on the genoa car reaches the manufacturer's Minimum Breaking Load are as follows #1 48.7 knots #2 52.9 knots #3 64.0 knots Create and save a character sheet for 5e D&D to use in your campaigns. Select it from the search results. On most sailboats, jib sheets are usually attached . This new sheet management configuration leads the sheets directly to the cockpit through the hardtop's steel supports, through a block and directly to the winches. We are behind every part we sell ! Estimating mainsheet load? | Page 2 | YBW Forum Feb 14, 2005. The Grid Book Genoa trim while on a broad reach. | Sailboat Owners Forums But as hauling on the sheet goes - on above boat I preferred to take genoa sheet by hand (put on winch but no handle in and "winching") cause was faster to shed wind from a sail, luffing, and just give it a haul. This blog gives you the key rig and sail dimensions plus the formulas you need to calculate your sail areas. Is it hard or dangerous to drive an electric winch manually? For our example, we will use a 500 square foot mainsail. This blog gives you the key rig and sail dimensions plus the formulas you need to calculate your sail areas. The line selector will tell you a specific line for the job, you can then look at the breaking strength of the line and use that as your minimum breaking strength requirement. IB SHEET Cruising z14 z1 z1 z3 . Suitability. I did well in Physics, so I believe I have correctly calculated all the values. Genoa sheets are generally 1.5 times the length of a boat. If a halyard breaks because it wasn't strong enough when it was calculated to be strong enough, legal consequences can follow. We have done the maths for you in the table below. See our range of Cleats, Fairleads and Cams. I have been sitting on the foredeck with the genoa sheet adjusting it and the car on the track as well as shifting halyard and backstay tension. The load on the car is then usually between 0.3-0.5 of the sheet load. Calculating your Sail Areas - Upffront.com I can't believe the load on the turning block gets anywhere. The Ronstan Universal Bearing incorporates our proven 2-stage bearing system. Note that web site like Sailboat Data provide generic dimensions on many production sailboat. By placing the genoa tracks on the hardtop, we have improved the sheeting angle by bringing it close to the center-line. It is therefore unsurprising that a lot of hardware manufacturers use sail areas as a primary specification criterion. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. The safety margin on the halyard should be tremendous. Assuming a 40 degree lead off the block = load factor of 0.68 = 824 lbs.1204 * 0.68 = 824. Lakeside Rigging @ Crowley's Yacht Yard 3434 E 95th Street Chicago, IL 60617. Weight: 842.00 g System: 30 Safe working Load: 1200 kg Breaking Load: 2400 kg Purchase: 0 (N:1) Length: 160 mm Width: 53 mm Comment: Slide rods, Sheave size 60mm You can see how the sheet would chafe and wear against the Genoa lead-block and cabin trunk. This delivers a significant benefit when sailing upwind. Electric Winches FAQs - YBW An excellent introduction.”--Dick Newick, legendary catamaran and trimaran designer “If you are contemplating spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on a cruising catamaran, the small price of this book is probably the best ... If rate of interest is 10.5% per annum, then r = 10.5/12/100=0.00875) n is loan term / tenure / duration in number of months. On 3/19/2012 at 3:49 PM, Salazar said: Run that number through Evan's calculator, assuming a highest windspeed for that sail at 25 knots = sheet Load of 1204 lbs. Where: SL = Sheet Load in kilogramsSA = Sail Area in square metersV = wind speed in knots. Solar Power Plants: Fundamentals, Technology, Systems, Economics The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood Polycity: Energy Networks in Sustainable Cities Lead car adjuster tackle load is dependent on the angle of deflection of the sheet in the lead car, normally this load will be: This huge 3" stainless shackle was being used to hold the sheet block on a big ketch with its Genoa sheet under heavy load. The wide drop-down transom provides the perfect platform for stepping on or o. Signal Analysis: Time, Frequency, Scale, and Structure opens a window into the practice of signal analysis by providing a gradual yet thorough introduction to the theory behind signal analysis as well as the abstract mathematics and ... Before investing in a new system and line altogether, I am wondering: 1) if it's doable to combine the 8:1 and the German system, and 2) would . Tom Lochhaas. For halyards and genoa sheets you can easily calculate the breaking strength by multiplying your sheet size in square meters with 30 (for spinnakers take 13). Sheet load of Genoa SL = SA x V2 x 0.02104 SA- sail area in meters^2 V- wind speed in knots Mainsheet load ML=(E^2 x P^2 x .02104 x V^2) / (SqrRoot(P^2+E^2)+ (E-X)) E-foot length in meters P-Luff length in meters V-wind speed in knots E-distance from aft end of the boom to mainsheet attachment point in meters Jul 6, 2010. Please note that clutches, cleats, blocks and shackles still bear the full load though! The jib sheets are used to trim the sail in or ease it out. Lots of equipment onboard is load dependant and apart from length and ballast of the boat the primary driver is sail area. It is a 155% Genoa. With two wheels and two rudders, the boat handles very well under power and also under sail. working load is a guideline for rope in good condition used in non-critical applications. Make sure the halyard is comfortable in your hands. You can also build estimates of your distributors' margins and determine the approximate export selling price of your products. Simply take the minimum breaking strength for the size of line they list and select an equally strong alternative. When the say "Boat size", they are usually refering to the typical sloop sail plan. Secondly, measure the distance between the far aft end of your boom to your mainsheet attachment (x) point in meters. Genoa Sheet Load Calculator with Sheet Towing Loads Disclaimer: These calculators are for reference only; not to be used with the design or manufacture of yacht rigging. I would not choose a halyard that has a breaking strength anywhere near the calculated load. We do! Coming soon. Typically the diameter of halyards and sheets is determined by clutches, cleats and blocks on board of your ship. Then you begin to tighten the halyard by cranking a winch or tightening the Cunningham. Calculate your jib sheet load with a calculator such as the one here: . The formula for mainsheet loading is not as widely accepted as that for genoa sheet loads and should only be used as a rough guide for offshore boats from 30 ft to 60 ft (9 m to 18 m). The definitive guide to a critical, hotly debated topic How should a sailor cope with storms at sea? In looking at cost of foot blocks - they are of course very expensive compared to cheek blocks. For example, if you use the winch for both the halyard and genoa sheet, size the winch to handle the load of the genoa sheet. Note that the use of rig measures IJPE etc is an approximation for calculating halyard lengths and the meanings given below . Lastly, if you really want to do the math to calculate the loads exerted on the halyard because you are curious, please read on. Online calculators exist that will tell you roughly what size line you need. E is EMI. Using the form below, enter the details of your next shipment. Stage 1 - Under moderate loads, acetal ball bearings ensure minimum friction. The safest way to decide what size halyard to use is to follow the advice given by New England Ropes on their interactive line selector. Because of this, everyone seems to keep a tight lip with regards to halyard loads. Get Instant, Free, Container Shipping Estimates, as well as Break Bulk, Bulk, and Project Cargo, from anywhere to anywhere in the World. I need to replace the turning blocks for my genoa sheets on a 1978 Moody 36. This was the first book to exalt Le Corbusier as the artistic champion of the new movement. daveramer@crowleys.com. Pin-stop tracks are common on keelboats and cruising boats whereas solutions with high purchase control lines are prefered by big boat racers. Block Loading vs Angle of Deflection and Genoa System Loading to size for different deflection angles and wind speeds. The measurements of this sail are as follows: Luff height 50 feetFoot length 20 feetLeech Length 53.85 feet, Tack angle 90*Head angle 21.8*Clew angle 68.2*. This novel research investigates ‘the digital chain’ between phases as an opportunity for extended interdisciplinary design collaboration. Ivar Dedekam's revolutionary approach to sail and rig tuning tackles the practical and realistic elements of tuning your boat as well as the theory of sail aerodynamics. The book covers the many variations in boat, sail and rig design. Often recommendations for block selection goes with the size of your boat. The load on a genoa car depends on yacht's power and the sheet angle. For example, the #1 genoa on 7 m (25 ft) boat might only be carried in 15 knots of wind while the #3 blade on a Maxi-boat could well be carried in 40 knots. Introductory Business Statistics is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the one-semester statistics course for business, economics, and related majors. For Genoa number 1 (about 18 square meters), and a wind speed of let say 40 knots, the sheet load in kilograms will be about 600 kilograms force or 600 daN. It is a good idea to build in some safety margin in your calculations. This would be the only way to know exactly how much force is being exerted on that line. Check out the Harken load calculator for the genoa sheet and halyards. Famed yacht designer and author L. Francis Herreshoff takes us on family style cruises in American waters, during which all sorts of boats and boating skills are explained while they are used. Visit these resources to help configure your system: Genoa Lead System Size Selection for lead car size range for the #1, #2, and #3 genoa based on typical sail area. I have a choice of two, the smaller one fits better and has a working load of 2500lb. such as the moment exerted by the vertical component of the jib sheet load, or the weight of the mast. Crowley's Yacht Yard hosts the 19 th annual free event featuring boating safety and maintenance seminars, demonstrations, hands on instruction, a nautical flea market for charity, music, entertainment, The Tamale Spaceship, and much more. Working load is fonction of the sail dimensions and wind conditions, not boat size. Metric Calculators. This year ROW (Recovery on Water) are bringing their training boat so guests can learn to row.. Also featured is the Sierra Sagrada. It can be visualized as the amount of paint that would be necessary to cover a surface, and is the two-dimensional counterpart of the one-dimensional length of a curve, and three-dimensional volume of a solid. Freight Calculator. Jib Sheet calculator: Sail Area (Jib only) Square Feet Square Meters. Let us point out the characteristics necessary for the simplified calculation and compare with the preceding In practice, however, sails are usually reefed or the boat is in a safe harbour before a rope is loaded to its maximum. http://www.neropes.com/InteractiveLineSelector/Sailing_Type.html. The book provides both static and dynamic analysis of special tensegrity structural concepts, which are motivated by biological material architecture. This is the first book written to attempt to integrate structure and control design. Calculate the mainsheet load. The calculator suggests cars and tracks suitable for the calculated load. Lots of equipment onboard is load dependant and apart from length and ballast of the boat the primary driver is sail area. Surinamekade 61019 BV AmsterdamThe Netherlands. The formula for mainsheet loading is not as widely accepted as that for genoa sheet loads and should only be used as a rough guide for offshore boats from 30 ft to 60 ft (9 m to 18 m). Mainsheet Loading Calculator. Address. The Garhauer Track cars with Blocks have a safe working load of 2800lbs but breaking load like 8000 lbs. * 2 Genoa tracks with piston adjusted traveller cars * 2 Genoa sheet return blocks * Rigging run back to cockpit (except boom topping lift) * Complete running rigging: Main halyard, Genoa halyard with clutch on mast and cleat, Boom topping lift with cleat on mast, Mainsheet, 2 Genoa sheets, 2 Reefing lines, 1 Manual reef * 7 Line stoppers Sail Area Genoa Sheet Load and Genoa Car Towing Load Estimated Forestay Length Main Halyard Load Genoa Halyard Load Block Load Mainsheet Load Max Hull Speed Sail Area to Displacement Ratio Displace… Genoa. This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. For mainsheets one important factor needs to be added to the calculations: being the point where the main sheet is attached to the boom. To give an idea of how elusive this information is, the graph is only a small portion of the page with no caption or explanation in the back of the book, past where most people would have stopped reading. 1. catamaran, but variations are usually covered by the safety factor. $40 WANGXIAOYUE Positioning Pad with Handles Draw Sheet Patient Tran Medical Supplies Equipment Mobility Daily Living Aids Transfer Boards, Mats Stools The Oceanis 46.1 boasts all the features of a large cruising yacht, with a rare balance between elegance, usable space and performance. In fact, you need to determine its working load conditions. #1. Found inside – Page 95Our boat came equipped with a basic running rigging package including %" braided Dacron for jib sheets, spinnaker sheets and guys, mainsheet and ... Four Schaefer-quality snatch blocks with a 2,250-lb. safe working load were $60 each. E Business Software Solution is one of the best Software Development Services, Software Companies, Customized Software for firm in Delhi . Jib sheets attach to the aft-most corner of the jib (the clew) and run back to the cockpit on both sides of the boat. The new Vaccine Surveillance report, released on Thursday, has been purged of the offending chart showing infection rates higher in the double-vaccinated than the unvaccinated for all over-30s and more than double the rates for those aged 40-79.. Posted March 20, 2012. Code Zero or Gennaker Sheet - 2 x boat length 12mm Polyester/Polyester braid has a BS of 2500 kg = 2.5 ton. In short, it's the definitive book on the art of rigging, written by its most entertaining practitioner. "A masterpiece on the subject of rigging and its various effects." Sailing "Toss's love of the subject shines throughout. This allows you to handle your sails still at 7 Bft  (41-47knots). If you apply 1 pound of force, it will apply 24 pounds of force to the halyard; if you apply 20 pounds of force, it will apply 480 pounds of force. Rope Name. Discover and share any recipes and cooking inspiration at Applegate Sweet Italian Sausage . You have questions about our products? Installing a tension meter inline is not practical, so other methods must be utilized to estimate the loads. Sail Area Calculator; Block Loads; Genoa Halyard Loads; Main Halyard Load; Main Sheet Loads; Genoa Sheet Load Calculator with Sheet Towing Loads; Displacement to Length Ratio Calculator; Sail Area to Displacement Ratio Calculator; Max Hull Speed; Stretch Characteristics of SS Wire Rope; General Reference and Downloads. Bearing House, Ampress Lane, Lymington, Hampshire S041 8LW England Tel: (44) 01590-689122 | Fax: (44) 01590-610274 Email: sales@harken.co.uk See our other locations Need new sheets or halyards but don't know the specs? If you are into yacht racing or rigging a new boat, it can be good to calculate the minimum required breaking load of sheets and halyards in order to reduce weight of ropes onboard. Note: Wind speeds should be the maximum apparent wind speed recommended for the sail. Subscribe to receive more information’s on product selection, installation, and maintenance. The halyard pulls against the head to keep the luff under tension. Thanks Foster Recognising the increasingly international nature of accounting, this book provides full coverage of international accounting standards with the European Union's Company Law Directives providing its legal framework Corporate Financial ... 14mm Polyester/Polyester braid has a BS of 3800 kg = 3.8 ton. Genoa car size is determined by sail area and sheet load. It is assumed that all halyards lead back to the cockpit. While there are many formulas and online calculators available to figure out the clew loads, halyard calculators are not as plentiful. Comfort in your hands. But be careful. Found inside – Page iii39-40 , 109 main , attachment point , 85 , 86-7 and illus . , 88 sheet loading at , illus . ... 249-50 , 252 , 254 , 257 with genoa , 242 , 246 , illus , 247 , 249 , 263 sail selection for , 261 , 262 , 263 , 268 , illus . With a full genoa in 25 knots of wind, for example, my boat's sheet load was 847lb, while at 30 knots it was 1,221lb. Shop with confidence - get free shipping to home or stores + price match guarantee! For the mathematically inclined, the formula for determining genoa sheet loading is SL=SA x V2 x 0.00431—sheet load equals sail area times wind velocity squared times 0.00431. That is why we use a safety ratio for cruising yachts of 2 and even 1.5 for racing yachts. Consider how to adjust the position of the sheet car and whether it should be adjustable under load. This shows the actual sheet block in our opening scenario. Rope Calculator. Genoa Sheet - 1.5 x boat length An inner forestay will increase the length required. Simply hauling in a 30 kg tuna on a hand line wears me out. We propose many ordering methods to better meet your needs. To be on the safest side, I would follow the recommended size given by New England Ropes in their calculator, and then choose a line with at least that breaking strength. The Beneteau Oceanis 38.1 combines strong sailing performance with a roomy, light, and airy interior down below. Spinnaker Sheet or Guy - 2 x boat length. After calculating 'p theoretical', use the same equation used to calculate 'T p estimated' and calculate 'T p theoretical'. The force on the head is roughly the sum of the wind pressure on the sail pulling the sail down, and the load on the clew of the sail pulling back and down. The following calculator provides a handy reference for estimating sheet and halyard lengths for monohull, sloop rigged yachts. Now we will look at the loads placed on the Halyards and why they are so difficult to calculate! Sun position computer software for tracing the sun are available as open source code, sources that is listed in this book. The book also describes the use of satellite tracking software and mechanisms in solar tracking applications. When the say "Boat size", they are usually refering to the typical sloop sail plan. This second edition of Principles of Solar Engineering covers the latest developments in a broad range of topics of interest to students and professionals interested in solar energy applications. Dada Marine is your yacht equipement online store, length (P) and the Foot length (E) of mainsheet in meters. Halyard & sheet length calculator. An introduction to the social and policy issues which have arisen as a result of IT. Whilst it assumes a modest familiarity with computers, the book provides a guide to the issues suitable for undergraduates. Harken has also told me that the 57mm blocks are too small to be used as stand-alone end-boom sheeting. To help you select from the winches described on this site the chart below is designed as a quick reference to match application, yacht size and winch. Search for your boat. Found inside – Page 335... and free from dust . may be obtained the whole of the music performed at M. Jullien's Genoa Silk Velvet Bonnets ... 65 , Cornhill . been received by BEECH and BERRALL , 61 , Edgeware - load , which WATCHES , at the Manufactory ... LCL Calculator The art, science, history, and mystery of sails and sailmaking. Written in concise, layperson's language and full of photographs and personal anecdotes, this book goes step-by-step through the process of creating and using sails. P is Principal Loan Amount. Calculating the required breaking load is a more precise approach for determining the diameter of sheets and halyards. GENOA SHEET TRACKS. To convert our wind pressure into halyard load, we need to calculate the forces involved using a vector diagram. Weight: 1611.00 g System: 30p Safe working Load: 1500 kg Breaking Load: 3000 kg Length: 190 mm Width: 75 mm Min Rv: 5500 mm Min Rh: 5500 mm Comment: Sheave size Ø60mm, Link car To calculate loading on a genoa lead car, multiply sheet load by the load factor of the sheet. Area is a quantity that describes the size or extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape in a plane. 1.6 x 500 square feet = 800 pounds in 25mph of wind. This loop portion of the line was put into the clew of the sail and ends of the line . recommended. The calculation for sheets and halyards is the same, with the exception of main sheets (see below). $50 for a block that can handle a SWL of 1750 lbs vs. 2500 lbs for a proper foot block. 4,773. To gain accurate information for your craft it is advisable to consult with a Marlow Professional Rigger, Sailmaker or Navel Architect. Students and the most experienced professionals will all benefit from the book's vast store of design data and its conclusions and recommendations. Studying all such myself now, to get ideas. Having figured out the forces I had to contend with, the next step was to decide on the rings and lashings. (i.e., r = Rate of Annual interest/12/100. Thus, first step is to measure luff length (P) and the Foot length (E) of mainsheet in meters. Main Sheet calculator: Square Feet Square Meters. If you simply raise your sail all the way and let it hang without applying any tension, the halyard load will be equivalent to the weight of the sail hanging from it. Big picture points to take away when sizing your halyard: Tree Surgeon Back Splice vs Regular Backsplice, Rigging Doctor, 5820 Clarksville Square Drive, Clarksville, MD, 21029, United States, Sailing the Caribbean: Season 6 is Coming. To calculate loading on a genoa lead car, multiply sheet load by the load factor of the sheet. Get detailed and holistic information on all Indian and Global business entities - Connect2India Found inside – Page 54A cucuurun urn lilllllli Ilill rurlr Aldltllll/lillltlltltl nun IMIE , ll Casio's Writ A Calculator That Will Meet ... It pays to load your boat as if it's ready for sea, then practice going forward and aft on each tack in a rough sea. Inserting a locking handle when the winch is not under load automatically disconnects the electric motor gearbox for sailing without electric power. Uitgebreide beschrijving van 3 stedenbouwkundige projecten gericht op duurzame energie, die in Spanje, Duitsland en Italië zijn uitgevoerd in het kader van POLYCITY. 773 221-9991. Subscribe to receive more information on product selection, installation, and maintenance. That's when the difference counts. Do you need the extra strength? Her stepped hull opens up an incredible amount of space inside and yet her seakeeping performance is still impressive.A large number of clever customizable fittings make her easy to sail and pleasantly comfortable. Traveler car adjuster load is generally considered to be .2 times car load. The bigger one isn't quite as good fit but has a higher working load. Apr 1, 2013. 0.00431 x 25^2 x 500 = 1,346.875 pounds on the clew. However, I recently noticed another boat that was using one lenth of line, folded the middle which created a loop at the end. The bigger one isn't quite as good fit but has a higher working load. But be careful. Working load is fonction of the sail dimensions and wind conditions, not boat size. Email. This 10th-anniversary edition includes a new afterword that brings the story up to date, with a deep examination of the cognitive and behavioural effects of smartphones and social media. Acclaimed science writer James Gleick presents an eye-opening vision of how our relationship to information has transformed the very nature of human consciousness. A snatch block (red arrow close up) was placed aft of the staysail sheet lead-block. Found inside – Page 318Genoa International Fair The second International Communications Fair covering maritime , rivers , lakes , road , rail ... drive is by a synchronous motor delivering 2 300 hp at 1 000 rev / min . at Loading Calculators for New B.P. ... Sail Performance, based on C A Marchaj's classic Sailing Theory & Practice, has established itself as the standard work on the subject and is now acclaimed as a milestone in sailing literature. All safe working loads for Seldén genoa cars are based on 70° sheet angle, which gives a total deflection angle (a) of 110º. 2022 Beneteau 38.1 - Available now! SuperBraid. Here's the formula to calculate EMI: where. Looking for recommendation on what brand/model. "Remove the Load Before You Fix a Fitting!" Look at the photo above. A big overlapping 150% genoa has a flat angle of approximately 45º, and a 110% high performance jib will have a steep angle close to 80º. These actions along with the force of the wind pressure on the sail add up to an immense load on the halyard. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. 10mm Polyester/Dyneema (Dyneema core, poly cover) BS 5800 kg = 5.8 ton. I strongly recommend using them and following their guidance. main sheet track calculator Enter values for boat and search matching travellers and tracks. Bear in mind that the weakest link counts. Webbing was looped to the toe-rail and tensioned to pull the sheet to the . Basic Sail Area calculations. Sail Area. I personally use the line selector from New England Ropes or the factory recommendations as my starting point. So in winds of 25mph, we can estimate that 800 pounds of pressure will be exerted on the mainsail. For non-overlapping jibs, one boat length is usually enough. using the harken sail sheet load calculator - at 25 knots, the sheet load is 700 lbs. In a similar fashion, I will begin with a disclaimer:The loads calculated here are calculated with formulas that are discussed in college physics and math classes. Length from aft end of boom to mainsheet attachment. Thats 48kts wind with a full genoa, again unlikely. Also, determine under which wind conditions in knots (W) you will pick your first reef. Our running rigging calculator can instantly spec lines for more than 5,000 sailboats. Diameter (mm) There is no recommended rope for your selected application and boat length. It is the only place I have ever seen any information on how much load is on a halyard. To convert our wind pressure into halyard load, we need to calculate the forces involved using a vector diagram. 0.00256 x 25^2 = 1.6 lbs per SqFt. r is rate of interest calculated on monthly basis. For example, the #1 genoa on 7 m (25 ft) boat might only be carried in 15 knots of wind while the #3 blade on a Maxi-boat could well be carried in 40 knots. 773 364-1339. Form a Loop in the Single Jib Sheet. Note that web site like, New products availables ! Discover detailed information for Applegate Sweet Italian Sausage available at TheRecipe.com. Loads can vary slightly for e.g. The most reliable way to calculate the halyard tension would be to sail with a tension meter mounted between the halyard and winch. Multiply your guestimated work with the number on the winch and that is a very rough estimate of luff tension while the sail is being raised. Found inside – Page 220Calculator , an College . Barrow weighing 225 and under 275 ... Ceder , Genoa , Neb . ... Barrow borne out by the killing sheet on the champion load Shropshires ever seen in Kansas was made by the weighing 190 and under 225 pounds — 1 ... DownLoad - Rigging . Traveler car adjuster load is generally considered to be .2 times car load. The stainless pin had backed out of the body and was being held by a mere sliver of thread. SL Sheet load in kilograms (Sheet = Escota) SA Sail area in square meters V Vind speed in knots Mainsheet Loading Calculator The formula for mainsheet loading is not as widely accepted as that for genoa sheet loads and should only be used as a rough guide for offshore boats from 30 ft to 60 ft (9 m to 18 m).

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