It aims to replicate Central’s functions too: the business district will host an extensive transportation network that connects with Central on Hong Kong island, enabling high value-added logistics and business services on par with the development of the Greater Bay Area market. Ultimately, a comprehensive study examining ocean hydrodynamics, nutrient sources, waste water cycle in the environment and affected ecosystem will be necessary if we are to proceed with any form of land reclamation project. , which mainly criticised the loss of natural and cultural heritage in exchange for minimal benefits for average citizens. The government’s push of the “Lantau Tomorrow Vision” can also be attributed to its capability to address Hong Kong’s severe housing shortage. Our best stories direct to your inbox every fortnight. The executive-led government's objective of economic growth, rather than improving the overall quality of life, to a large degree explains the reclamation strategy. A reduction in water volume, combined with urban expansion, would also decrease the harbour’s ability to cool and ventilate surrounding areas, aggravating air pollution and raising urban temperatures. In 2018, the Hong Kong government announced Lantau Tomorrow Vision, a massive land reclamation project of the coast of Lantau Island that will cover 1000 hectares of artificial islands and house over one million people. Hong Kong – (Main article: Land reclamation in Hong Kong) Praya Reclamation Scheme began in the late 1860s and consisted of two stages totaling 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres). The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996. In addition, further work associated with land reclamation could worsen water quality, lead to a higher proportion of red tides and dead fish and bad odours. Historic Hong Kong landmarks, including the Edinburgh Place Star Ferry Pier and Queen’s Pier in Central were demolished between 2006 and 2008 to make way for reclamation. More turbulent waters can decrease sunlight and affect marine photosynthesis, and polluting substances can be consumed by smaller fish and increase the food web’s toxicity. In 1997, the Hong Kong government passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance bill, which categorises Victoria Harbour as a public asset of natural and cultural heritage value to Hong Kong and its citizens, and therefore limits reclamation activities that might damage it. where oxygen around the sea floor had dipped to 2 milligrams per litre – the threshold for marine life to survive – or lower. From 1973, earth-movers and bulldozers gradually gouged away four hills opposite the site while a fleet of 400 tip-trucks took the spoil back to the site. This first land reclamation project extended the shoreline by 15 metres. For most citizens, service economy-oriented infrastructural land reclamation projects did not carry the same benefits as the development of new housing and commercial areas. It aims to replicate Central’s functions too: the business district will host an extensive transportation network that connects with Central on Hong Kong island, enabling high value-added logistics and business services on par with the development of the Greater Bay Area market. . While a proposed upgrade of a harbour treatment scheme would achieve this desired effect, the plan would not cover large parts of NT or outlying islands like Lantau. What’s more, the HK government is considering building canals on the islands, with renderings suggesting it will create a much larger volume of stagnant water that would become foul-smelling. This included the Central and Wan Chai reclamation project which had been endorsed as early as. Given the prevailing role of private enterprise in early reclamation projects, the practice was conducted in a regulated but uncoordinated manner until the mid-20th century. Reclamation was an unsystematic urban expansion measure, which meant that the majority of projects were piecemeal private initiatives which rarely amounted to major infrastructural development policy throughout this period. Simply put, land reclamation involves creating new land where there was none before, which can be exploited for new purposes. In the 1950s, Hong Kong’s population began growing at exponential rates, which was largely due to a massive influx of. This first land reclamation project extended the shoreline by 15 metres. South China Morning Post: Visual history of land reclamation in Hong Kong before 2018. Assessing the impact of reclamation activities on recent sedimentation in victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Should the harbour’s water flow be slowed substantially, its self-cleansing ability may be severely impacted, a situation only aggravated by reclamation projects increasing water turbidity. And, of the HK$550 million budget, HK$350 million will be used for engineering design. The bill contained a grandfather clause that allowed previously approved projects to be completed uninhibited by the ordinance. Arguably the most historically popular urban development strategy in Hong Kong has been land reclamation, the process of creating new land by filling in existing water bodies. consumed 450 homes in the city’s Sheung Wan neighbourhood, leaving behind mounds of rubble and debris alongside Hong Kong Island’s western harbourfront. Land reclamation history of northern Hong Kong island, the Kowloon peninsula and the southern New Territories up to 1990 centres, if one bases the calculation on the number of multinational concerns, the banking importance and the number of international organizations (Helle 1989, p. 165). This has led to a serious shortfall in its earth requirements. Central and Wan Chai Reclamation is a project launched by the government of Hong Kong since the 1990s to reclaim land for different purposes. Concerns over reclamation projects in Victoria Harbour have also addressed the potential for, and water body shrinkage, the harbour is now in fact, shrunk to less than half of its original width. Originally, Hong Kong’s confining topography was not conducive to extensive urban development, as a craggy coastline, steep mountains and limited flat land restricted early settlement options. On the topic of Hong Kong’s developmental policy taking precedence over conservation efforts, Dr. Lam stated: “Hong Kong likes to adopt the ‘development first, conservation later’ approach. Hong Kong’s government is in pursuit of land reclamation to cope with a dearth of land supply. It is the predicted environmental damage from the project that has led to strong resistance from the public. We promise, no spam! , focusing on urban development projects across Kowloon, New Territories and Lantau Island. P:\60017115\Reports\Final\4 (Final)\EIA\appendix\app 6.1\Rec History_v3.doc 1 Reclamation History During the early years of the Colonization of Hong Kong Island, the north shore was very narrow. The project has revived environmental concerns over land reclamation and has elicited criticism towards a perceived misuse of the city’s fiscal resources. The territory’s British rulers opted to combine the rubble with soil from nearby hill slopes and deposit it in the harbour to create a new roadway along the coastline. As long … Given the prevailing role of private enterprise in early reclamation projects, the practice was conducted in. , leading to concerns over greater biodiversity and habitat loss for niche species. "Let us get them to tip out their sand onto the reclaimed land," said the wise man, "and gradually it will create the island we all desire so much.". 1970s-80s – In the 70s and 80s, land reclamation began in Wan Chai and Causeway Bay and Jardine House (completed in 1976) became an iconic symbol of HK. The project has revived environmental concerns over land reclamation and has elicited criticism towards a perceived misuse of the city’s fiscal resources. Land reclamation generally involves filling a selected area with large amounts of rock, earth and potentially cement. In particular, the land reclamation project threatens to destroy the entire marine ecosystem in the Lantau area. The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han Dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD), when beaches were turned into fields for salt production . The debris is then used to either extend the coastline or create artificial islands. The previous biggest reclamation was a four-year project required for site formation for the Jockey Club's Sha Tin racecourse. The financial repercussions are only the tip of the iceberg. The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996. Even if the government were to lean towards the private sector for help (which it has been attempting to tap into), this would most likely be unable to account for all future costs that will be accrued from the enormity of the project. And it’s not just on the Island—over the past 170-plus years, land reclamation has been an essential force in transforming Hong Kong from a sleepy fishing village to a sprawling metropolis. It is a rocky, mountainous region that, since the 1890s, has been forced to embark on one large reclamation after another to eke out its niggardly flat land mass and so provide sites for future growth. By donating us $100, $50 or subscribe to Boosting $10/month – we can get this article and others in front of tens of thousands of specially targeted readers. The Chater Road reclamation can thus be seen as the starting point for Hongkong Land's development of "Central" as Hong Kong's business district. Of the nine new towns, six have been built on reclaimed land. 6% of overall territorial size) of new land for socioeconomic development. albertlin@chinadailyhk.com. The seven-year project began in 1991 and swallowed up two islands, Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau, and reclaimed 9.38 sq km of the adjacent seabed. Land reclamation appears to be a mainstay of policy planning for the city in the near future, although its strengths must be balanced with environmental security and minimisation of biodiversity loss. Based on a public and private housing ratio of 7:3, the remaining land lots can provide quality residential areas to offer the middle class a wider choice in buying their first homes or replacing old ones. Hand-picked stories once a fortnight. More turbulent waters can decrease sunlight and affect marine photosynthesis, and polluting substances can be consumed by smaller fish and increase the food web’s toxicity. , the size of Hong Kong’s Central district. To meet the needs of a growing population, the Government launched a series of reclamation projects in phases in 1850s-1900s at both sides of Victoria Harbour to expand Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula. Much of the territory’s infrastructure projects were only achievable through land reclamation, including the Hong Kong Airport, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and the expansion of the city’s MTR metro system in Victoria Harbour. It is the predicted environmental damage from the project that has led to strong resistance from the public. In response, the government pivoted once more to evaluate the potential for mass land reclamation projects outside of Victoria Harbour to satisfy population growth and demands related to the capacity of the city’s service economy. Around a third of the city’s population resides on reclaimed land, and as much as 70 percent of Hong Kong’s commercial activities take place on it, too. Despite being a fixture in the history of Hong Kong’s development, land reclamation as a practice has recently been met with public criticism towards its impact on the city’s natural and cultural heritage. 2.2 In Hong Kong, reclamation has a long history of almost 180 years since 1842, creating 7 051 hectares (i.e. Over the decades most of our spare soil has been dug up and used for so many large reclamation projects across Hong Kong that now it's in short supply. In addition to the environmental impact, land reclamation harms efforts to conserve Hong Kong’s cultural heritage. It is arguable that, without land reclamation, Hong Kong would never have achieved its current status as a global city with first-rate infrastructure. Fast forward to today, and consider how this idea could be adapted to Hong Kong's search to find the earth we need for all those reclamations. The first modern use of land reclamation as a policy measure in Hong Kong occurred in 1851. Additionally, reclamation projects that are able to demonstrate a clear economic, commercial and social value may still be approved pending review. It is estimated over 35% of its developed land area has been reclaimed from the sea . In 1993, Hong Kong recorded an urbanisation rate of 100%, meaning that all of the territory’s residents were considered to be residing in urban environments. Much of the territory’s infrastructure projects were only achievable through land reclamation, including the Hong Kong Airport, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and the expansion of the city’s MTR metro system in Victoria Harbour. generally involves filling a selected area with large amounts of rock, earth and potentially cement. The background to this project, and the origin of its name, is given on page 32 of the book, The life and times of Sir Kai Ho Kai: In 1912, Ho Kai went into partnership with Au Tak to form a company to develop a piece of land formed by reclamation. The debris is then used to either extend the coastline or create artificial islands. In 1972, the first cross-harbour tunnel opened, linking the peninsula to HK Island. Acta Geographica Sinicaˈ52(1997), p 220–227 [6] Pan Shaoming, Shi XiaodongˈWang Jianye. Simply put, land reclamation involves creating new land where there was none before, which can be exploited for new purposes. Reclamation has historically been an effective way of providing land for development. It is arguable that, without land reclamation, Hong Kong would never have achieved its current status as a global city with first-rate infrastructure. The classification of Victoria Harbour as an asset of cultural as well as natural value in 1997 was seen as an important step, although it did little to reverse the modifications to the harbour that had already been carried out, nor did it halt pre-approved massive reclamation projects. Since 1973, the government has established nine new towns, complete with private and public housing, transportation infrastructure and commercial centres. A foresighted trader saw an exciting use for that elliptical sandbank, which the locals called Shamian or "Sandy Surface". The growth of Hong Kong’s urban areas and its city-dwelling population has largely been predicated on a set of unique policies that have allowed the city to develop despite environmental challenges such as a tropical climate and mountainous terrain. The territory’s British rulers opted to combine the rubble with soil from nearby hill slopes and deposit it in the harbour to create a new roadway along the coastline. the Lantau land reclamation project is not only an effective solution to addressing land shortage in Hong Kong, it also provides a strong foundation for capitalising on growth opportunities in the Greater Bay Area. The financial repercussions are only the tip of the iceberg. The first modern use of land reclamation as a policy measure in Hong Kong occurred in 1851. Media in category "Land reclamation in Hong Kong" The following 15 files are in this category, out of 15 total. The area is then covered and filled with more clay and soil until the targeted height is reached. With a staggering HKD$624 billion price tag attached, the project aims to house 1.1 million people in an economic and residential hub through the creation of artificial islands covering 1 000 hectares beginning in 2026 or 2027. Early years. SCMP. This sort of oxygen depletion – known as hypoxia – may cause irreparable damage to the marine ecosystem. Among these units, the government will look to provide affordable public housing units, for which 80-90% of Hong Kong households are eligible to apply. Massive reclamation projects seem to be the path the government has chosen to create the sites that will solve our housing crisis, but that path poses its own problems. The area is then covered and filled with more clay and soil until the targeted height is reached. However, this new space and opportunity comes at a significant cost; with its heavy price tag, it will drain the city’s fiscal reserves, which have already been severely depleted by the COVID-19 pandemic. , reclaimed land represented 6% of Hong Kong’s total area and 25% of its developed land. The classification of Victoria Harbour as an asset of cultural as well as natural value in 1997 was seen as an important step, although it did little to reverse the modifications to the harbour that had already been carried out, nor did it halt pre-approved massive reclamation projects. Land reclamation policy reflected this transition, as projects such as expansion into Victoria Harbour, growth of the city’s port and building a new international airport gained traction. The government’s push of the “Lantau Tomorrow Vision” can also be attributed to its capability to address Hong Kong’s severe housing shortage. Between 1877 and 2020, over 70 sq km of land has been reclaimed in Hong Kong. While a proposed upgrade of a harbour treatment scheme would achieve this desired effect, the plan would not cover large parts of NT or outlying islands like Lantau. Water will likely stagnate as the water’s ability to flush out waste water (discharges from the Pearl River Delta and around HK) will weaken, which will lead to stagnant harbours across the artificial islands. Ultimately, a comprehensive study examining ocean hydrodynamics, nutrient sources, waste water cycle in the environment and affected ecosystem will be necessary if we are to proceed with any form of land reclamation project. because: land reclamation has been vital to the development of Hong Kong as a World-class city in the past several decades because: many renowned districts and buildings of Hong Kong are built upon reclaimed land, e.g.
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